Materials Included In Kit

Additional Materials Required

Safety Precautions

Acids and bases are skin and eye irritants. Avoid contact of all chemical with eyes and skin. Clean up all acid and base spills immediately. Phenolphthalein is an alcohol-based solution and is flammable. Keep the solution away from flames. Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical-resistant gloves and apron. Remind students to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Keep sodium bicarbonate and citric acid on hand to clean up acid and base spills, respectively. Please consult current Safety Data Sheets for additional safety, handling and disposal information.

Disposal

Please consult your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and specific procedures, and review all federal, state and local regulations that may apply, before proceeding. All of the solutions may be flushed down the drain with excess water according to Flinn Suggested Disposal Method 26b.

Lab Hints

• Enough materials are provided in this kit for 60 students working in pairs or for 30 groups of students.
• This experiment is designed to provide a quick measure of the ionization constants of weak acids. The procedure is elegant in its simplicity and provides excellent results. The actual lab work for this experiment may reasonably be completed in one 50-minute lab period.
• The experiment has been written with the intention of having students identify unknowns from a list of possibilities. Alternatively, the identities of the samples may be revealed to students and students may be asked to calculate K_a values and percent errors. The logarithmic scale of pK_a values tends to obscure fairly large percent errors in K_a determinations. Thus, the experimentally determined pK_a value of KH₂PO₄ (7.0) compares favorably with the literature value (7.2). The percent error in the corresponding K_a values—1.0 x 10^–7 and 6.2 x 10^–8 for the experimental and literature values, respectively—is quite large (38%).
• Weighing dishes, weighing paper, or small beakers can be used to hold the unknown acid.
• For best results, it is necessary that all solids be completely dissolved before performing the “half-neutralization” reactions with sodium hydroxide. In addition, the solutions must be thoroughly mixed at every stage. When the sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the acid, the flask should be constantly swirled to mix the solutions. The addition of sodium hydroxide should stop when the phenolphthalein indicator just remains pink throughout the solution. Remind students to be careful not to overshoot the endpoint.
• If students overshoot the end point, have them do a third trial and disregard the data from the overshot trial.
• The number of drops of sodium hydroxide required for “half-neutralization” of the unknowns varies from about 75 to 150 drops, depending on the the mass of salt used and the molar mass of the unknown. For best results, keep the mass of salt used less than 0.20 g.
• Technically, the pK_a of an acid may be determined by measuring the pH value in any solution of a weak acid of known concentration if the concentration of its conjugate base is also known. Many factors, especially dissolved carbon dioxide, may interfere with the accuracy of measurements. Under certain conditions the pH of a weak acid may be very sensitive to small changes in the concentrations of the weak acid and conjugate base. In practical terms, therefore, this procedure is most convenient when the solution contains equal molar amounts of the weak acid and its conjugate base—that is, when the solution is an ideal buffer.
• A buffer is any solution that contains appreciable amounts of both HA and A^–. By definition, the pH of a buffer is relatively insensitive to the addition of small amounts of strong acids and bases. The properties of a buffer are easily understood by looking at the titration curve (graph of pH versus equivalents of base added) for a weak acid. The titration curve is relatively flat in the “buffer region” (around the midpoint in the titration curve) corresponding to half-neutralization of the weak acid.
• Flinn pH meters, Catalog No. AP8673, are individual pH meters that provide an inexpensive (<$30) and convenient way for an entire class to measure pH simultaneously. This is also an excellent experiment for incorporating technology into the curriculum. Use the LabPro or CBL-2 and a pH probe to measure pH.

Teacher Tips

• Although the procedure for this experiment is straightforward, the concepts are challenging. Students must be able to write equilibrium constant expressions for acids and understand the mathematical relationship between pH measurements and H₃O⁺ concentrations. They should also be familiar with the properties of diprotic acids and the nature of an “acid salt” of a diprotic acid.
• The concept of acid strength, as opposed to acid concentration and pH is often poorly understood by students. This experiment provides a convincing demonstration of the relationship between the strength of a weak acid and its equilibrium constant.
• The ionization reaction for sulfuric acid is shownin the Background section with a double arrow indicating an equilibrium. This equilibrium is so far towards the product that in reality, it should be a single arrow. However, an equilibrium constant cannot be written for a reaction not in equilibrium. With this dilemma in mind, we choose to use a double arrow and hopefully your students will challenge it—indicating that they understand strong acids and equilibrium!
• Students may generally be familiar with the structures of the inorganic salts KH₂PO₄ and KHSO₄. They will be less familiar with the organic salts, even the pronunciations (“thal-ate” for phthalate) are unusual. In particular, students may question why only two H atoms are acidic. If possible, draw the structures of phthalate and tartrate ions to illustrate the acidic H atoms in each.

Answers to Prelab Questions

Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid (three ionizable hydrogens). The values of its stepwise ionization constants are: K_a1 = 7.5 x 10^–3, K_a2 = 6.2 x 10^–8 and K_a3 = 4.2 x 10^–13.

1. Write the chemical equation for the first ionization of phosphoric acid with water.
   {13868_PreLabAnswers_Equation_8}
2. Write the equilibrium constant expression (K_a1) for this reaction.
   {13868_PreLabAnswers_Equation_9}
3. What would be the pH of a solution when [H₃PO₄] = [H₂PO₄^–]? Note: pH = –log[H₃O⁺].

   When [H₃PO₄] = [H₂PO₄^–], the hydrogen ion concentration is equal to K_a1.

   [H₃O⁺] = K_a1 = 7.5 x 10^–3

   pH = –log[H₃O⁺] = –log(7.5 x 10^–3) = – (–2.12) = 2.12

   Note: Unless rigorous precautions are taken, pH measurements are only precise to one decimal place. In terms of significant figures, however, both decimal places are allowed in the pH calculation, because the first digit (2.12) corresponds to the exponent.

Sample Data

Answers to Questions

1. Average the pH readings for each trial (samples 1 and 2) to calculate the average pK_a value for your unknown weak acid.

   All results have been rounded to one decimal place.

2. Comment on the precision (reproducibility) of the pH determinations. Describe sources of experimental error and their likely effect on the measured pH (pK_a) values.

   The reproducibility of pH measurements is excellent. The pH at the “half-neutralization” point is relatively constant because it depends only on the ratio of the acid and its conjugate base. Small errors in the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base produce only small changes in this ratio. The observed variation in pH measurements appears to be within the limits of precision of the pH meter. Note: The pK_a value of an acid depends on temperature. The literature pK_a values are given for a temperature of 25 °C.

3. The following table lists the identities of the possible unknowns in this experiment. Complete the table by calculating the pK_a value for each acid. Note: pK_a = –logK_a.
   {13868_Answers_Table_2}
4. Remember that in this activity pH = pK_a. Compare the pK_a value for your unknown with the information in the table. Determine the probable identity of the unknown.

   The following table compares the experimental and literature values for each unknown acid. The range of results is sufficient to identify each unknown.

   {13868_Answers_Table_3}
5. Write separate equations for the unknown dissolving in water and for the ionization reaction of the weak acid anion that this salt contains.

   Sample equations are shown for potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

   KH₂PO₄(s) → K⁺(aq) + H₂PO₄^–(aq)

   {13868_Answers_Equation_10}
6. Why was it not necessary to know the exact mass of each acid sample?

   It is not necessary to know the exact mass of each acid as long as we know that half of it was neutralized. Since the [HA] and [A^–] terms cancel out in the equilibrium constant expression, the exact amounts are not important.

7. Why was it not necessary to know the exact concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?

   Again, the only variable that must be controlled is that half of the acid has been neutralized. It does not matter how much sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the sample.

8. Why was it necessary to measure the exact volume of distilled water used to dissolve the acid, as well as the exact volume of solution transferred from the beaker to the Erlenmeyer flask?

   The important variable is that half of the acid must be neutralized. Exactly half of the initial volume must be transferred to the Erlenmeyer flask for neutralization. Both the initial volume and transfer volume must therefore be accurately and precisely known.

References

This activity is from Flinn ChemTopic^™ Labs, Volume 13, Acids and Bases; Cesa, I., Ed.; Flinn Scientific: Batavia, IL, 2002.

Introduction

Acids vary greatly in their strength—their ability to ionize or produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. What factors determine the strength of an acid? In this experiment, the strength of acids will be measured by determining the equilibrium constants for their ionization reactions in water.

Concepts

• Weak acid
• Conjugate base
• Equilibrium constant
• Neutralization reaction

Background

The modern Brønsted definition of an acid relies on its ability to donate hydrogen ions to other substances. When an acid dissolves in water, it donates hydrogen ions to water molecules to form H₃O⁺ ions. The general form of this reaction, called an ionization reaction, is shown in Equation 1, where HA is the acid and A– its conjugate base after loss of a hydrogen ion. The double arrows represent a reversible reaction.

The equilibrium constant expression (K_a) for the reversible ionization of an acid is given in Equation 2. The square brackets refer to the molar concentrations of the reactants and products. Note that the solvent (H₂O) does not appear in the equilibrium constant expression. Not all acids, of course, are created equal. The strength of an acid depends on the value of its equilibrium constant K_a for Equation 1. Strong acids ionize completely in aqueous solution. The value of K_a for a strong acid is extremely large and Equation 1 essentially goes to completion—only H₃O⁺ and A^– are present in solution. Weak acids, in contrast, ionize only partially in aqueous solution. The value of K_a for a weak acid is much less than one and Equation 1 is reversible—all species (HA, A^– and H₃O⁺) are present at equilibrium with HA as the predominant species.

Polyprotic acids contain more than one ionizable hydrogen. Ionization of a polyprotic acid occurs in a stepwise manner, where each step is characterized by its own equilibrium constant (e.g., K_a1, K_a2). The second reaction (removal of the second acidic hydrogen) always occurs to a much smaller extent than the first reaction, and so K_a2 is always significantly smaller than K_a1. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) are examples of polyprotic acids. The ionization constant of a weak acid can be determined experimentally by measuring the H₃O⁺ concentration in a dilute aqueous solution of the weak acid. This procedure is most accurate when the solution contains equal molar amounts of the weak acid and its conjugate base. Consider acetic acid as an example. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and the acetate anion (CH₃COO^–) represent a conjugate acid–base pair. The equilibrium constant expression for ionization of acetic acid is shown in Equation 3. If the concentrations of acetic acid and acetate ion are equal, then these two terms cancel out in the equilibrium constant expression, and Equation 3 reduces to Equation 4. In this experiment, solutions will be prepared in which the molar concentrations of an unknown acid and its conjugate base are equal. The pH of these solutions will then equal the pK_a for the acid. The definition of pK_a is closely related to that of pH. Thus, pH = –log[H₃O⁺] and pK_a = –logK_a. If K_a = [H₃O⁺], then pH = pK_a. The substances that will be tested are salts of polyprotic acids that still contain an ionizable hydrogen. Sodium bisulfate, for example, is a weak acid salt; it contains Na⁺ and HSO₄^– ions. The HSO₄^– ion is a weak acid—the equilibrium constant for ionization of HSO₄^– corresponds to K_a2 for sulfuric acid.

Experiment Overview

The purpose of this experiment is to measure the pK_a value for ionization of an unknown weak acid. Solutions containing equal molar amounts of a weak acid and its conjugate base will be prepared by “half-neutralization” of the acid. Their pH values will then be measured and used to calculate the pK_a value for the unknown and determine its identity.

Materials

Prelab Questions

Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid (three ionizable hydrogens). The values of its stepwise ionization constants are: K_a1 = 7.5 x 10^–3, K_a2 = 6.2 x 10–8 and K_a3 = 4.2 x 10^–13.

1. Write the chemical equation for the first ionization of phosphoric acid with water.
2. Write the equilibrium constant expression (K_a1) for this reaction.
3. What would be the pH of a solution when [H₃PO₄] = [H₂PO₄^–]? Note: pH = –log[H₃O⁺].

Safety Precautions

Acids and bases are skin and eye irritants. Avoid contact of all chemical with eyes and skin. Inform the teacher and clean up all acid and base spills immediately. Phenolphthalein is an alcohol-based solution and is flammable. Keep the solution away from flames. Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical-resistant gloves and apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.

Procedure

1. Label two weighing dishes 1 and 2.
2. Obtain an unknown weak acid and record the unknown number in the data table.
3. Measure out a small quantity (0.15–0.20 g) of the unknown into each weighing dish. Note: It is not necessary to know the exact mass of each sample.
4. Using a graduated cylinder, measure precisely 50.0 mL of distilled water into a 150-mL beaker.
5. Transfer sample in dish 1 to the water in the beaker and stir to dissolve.
6. Using a graduated cylinder, transfer precisely 25.0 mL of this acid solution into the 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
7. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein solution to the unknown acid solution in the Erlenmeyer flask.
8. Using a Beral-type pipet, add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise to the flask. Gently swirl the flask while adding the sodium hydroxide solution.
9. Continue adding sodium hydroxide dropwise and swirling the solution until a faint pink color persists throughout the solution for at least 5 seconds. This is called the endpoint. Note: A pink color develops immediately when the base is added, but fades quickly once the solution is swirled. When nearing the endpoint, the pink color begins to fade more slowly. Proceed cautiously when nearing the endpoint, so as not to “overshoot” it. Note: At this point the solution in the beaker contains exactly one-half of the original amount of acid, essentially all of which is in the acid form, HA. The Erlenmeyer flask contains an equal amount of the conjugate base A^– obtained by neutralization.
10. Pour the contents of the flask back into the beaker. Pour the solution back and forth a few times to mix. Note: It is important to transfer the solution as completely as possible from the Erlenmeyer flask back into the beaker.
11. Using a pH meter, measure the pH of the resulting solution in the beaker, which contains equal molar amounts of the acid and its conjugate base. Record the pH in the data table.
12. Dispose of the beaker contents down the drain and rinse both the beaker and the Erlenmeyer flask with distilled water. Dry the beaker with a paper towel.
13. Repeat steps 4–12 using the unknown acid in dish 2.

Student Worksheet PDF

13868_Student1.pdf